Waxaan nahay alaab-qeybiye caalami ah oo loogu talagalay qurxinta, cuntada iyo mashiinnada khadka wax soo saarka daawada muddo 20 sano ah. Gaar ahaan samaynta isku-darka, waxaa jira khibrado samaynta qani ah, tignoolajiyada horumarsan ee horeba ugu leh warshad ku taal gobolka Jiangsu.
Samaynta qasaha, waa la beddeli karaa iyadoo lagu saleynayo baahida. Mashiinku waa faaruq ikhtiyaari ah, isku-darka, kuleyliyaha, homogenizer tag emulsion, iwm. Markaa mishiinka ayaa la samayn doonaa iyadoo lagu salaynayo habka gaarka ah ee alaabta.
Waxaan isticmaalnaa cookies si aan u wanaajino khibradaada. Markaad sii waddo baadhitaanka boggan, waxaad ogolaatay isticmaalkayada cookies-ka. Macluumaad dheeraad ah.
Marka loo eego sharciga labaad ee thermodynamics, badi alaabooyinka daryeelka maqaarku waa kuwo aan degganayn dabeecadda sababtoo ah alaabooyinkani waa isku-dar laba ama in ka badan oo walxo ah oo aan isku darin midba midka kale. Si loo hubiyo nolosha shelf, alaabtan waa in lagu kabaa xasiliyayaal ku habboon. Caadi ahaan, surfactants ionic ama nonionic waxaa lagu daraa emulsifiers ahaan.
Waxaa la aaminsan yahay in amphiphiles miisaankoodu hooseeyaa ay ka dhigaan waxyaalaha la isku qurxiyo ee aan la socon karin maqaarka. Sidaa darteed, warshadaha isqurxintu waxay raadinayaan kareemyo aan lahayn surfactant oo bedeli kara qaabab dhaqameed. Si loo soo saaro badeecooyin xasiloon oo qurux badan, beddelka ugu rajada leh waxaa ka mid ah emulsifiers polymer ama qaybo adag oo xasiliyayaal ah.
Marka lagu daro isticmaalka hababka qaabaynta caadiga ah, emulsions waxaa lagu xasilin karaa iyadoo la isticmaalayo macromolecules ku haboon halkii laga isticmaali lahaa surfactants miisaan yar. Xasiloonida Emulsion inta badan waa la wanaajiyaa iyadoo lagu daro polymers si ay u dhumucdo oo ay u kordhiso dhalidda marxaladda joogtada ah.
Si kastaba ha ahaatee, si loo hagaajiyo waxqabadka, polymers surfactant sida hydroxypropyl methylcellulose ama karbomer 1342 waxaa loo isticmaali karaa sida emulsifier aasaasiga ah. Polymers-yadani waxay sameeyaan filimaan qaabaysan oo isdhexgal ah kuwaas oo si guul leh uga hortagaya isku-dhafka dhibcaha saliidda. Xaaladdan oo kale, saameynta xasilinta ee kordhinta viscosity ee wajiga dibadda waa mid aan muhiim ahayn.
Fikradaha samaynta noocan oo kale ah waxaa badanaa loo tixraacaa sida hydrolipid dispersions ama aqueous gels firidhsan, kuwaas oo aad ugu haboon alaabta qorraxda oo sidaas awgeed loo yaqaan hababka "emulsifier-free". Marka laga eego dhinaca jirka iyo kiimikaad tani waa khalad. (Sida laga soo xigtay Ururka Caalamiga ah ee Chemistry saafiga ah iyo kuwa la dabaqay, sifooyinka emulsifier-ga waxaa lagu qeexay sida soo socota: emulsifier waa surfactant. Waxay yareysaa xiisadda dhexda ee dhexdhexaadiyaha dareeraha ah sidaas darteed waxay saameyn togan ku leedahay xayeysiiska qadar yar emulsifier wuxuu kor u qaadi karaa samaynta emulsions ama wuxuu kordhin karaa xasiloonidooda kolloidal isagoo yareynaya mid ama labadaba heerarka isku-darka iyo isku-dhafka.)
Maxaa kala sooca qaababkan ka soo baxa emulsions ee ay dejiyeen emulsifiers "dhaqameed" waa awooda ay u leeyihiin inay keenaan xanaaqa: polymer emulsifiers waxay leeyihiin miisaan sare oo kelli ah sidaas darteed ma geli karaan stratum corneum. Sidaa darteed, isdhexgalka xun sida Majorca Acne lama filayo. Taasi waa sababta loogu yeero "emulsifier-free". Shaxda 1 waxa ay muujinaysaa qaar ka mid ah tusaalooyinka caadiga ah.
Acrylate/C10-30 alkyl acrylate crosspolymer ayaa loo isticmaalay sidii emulsifier polymer-ka ee Formula A. Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose iyo polyacrylic acid ayaa loo isticmaalay sidii co-dejinta. Copolymer-ka acrylic waa kaarbomer 1342 emulsifier polymer ah oo lagu beddelay C10-30 alkyl acrylate oo iskutallaab ah oo leh allyl pentaerythritol.
Maaddada lipophilic alkyl acrylate moiety waxaa u badan maaddada acrylic acid hydrophilic. Makromolecule-ka soo baxay wuxuu leeyahay miisaanka molecular ee 4 x 109. Maaddadu ma milmaan, laakiin marka la dhexdhexaadiyo saldhig ku habboon waxay kordhisaa ilaa 1000 jeer.
Emulsifiers-ka polymer-ka Carbomer waxay sameeyaan lakab difaac qaro weyn oo ku wareegsan dhibic kasta oo saliid ah oo ku jirta marxaladda biyo-ururinta korantada hoose, oo leh silsilado alkyl hydrophobic ah oo ku qotoma wajiga saliidda. Qiyaasta caadiga ah ee emulsifiers-ka polymer ee kaliya 0.1% ilaa 0.3% ayaa loo baahan yahay si ay u ekaato ilaa 20% saliidda.
Haddii kareemku uu taabto dusha sare ee elektrolyt-ka ku jira, wuxuu noqonayaa mid aan degganayn sababtoo ah lakabka jel-ka-ilaalinta ayaa isla markiiba barara. Ka dib markaad ka saarto wajiga saliidda, filim khafiif ah oo saliid ah ayaa ku sii jira maqaarka. Nidaamkani wuxuu fududeynayaa in la abuuro alaabada muraayadaha qorraxda, inkastoo ay sifooyinkooda hydrophilic, ay yihiin kuwo u adkaysta biyaha inta lagu jiro isticmaalka.
Emulsions lagu xasiliyay acrylate/C10-30 alkyl acrylate cross-polymers waxaa lagu diyaarin karaa habab toos ah ama aan toos ahayn (eeg Shaxda 2).
Shaxda 2 Qorshaha diyaarinta jel-biyoodka kala firdhiyey iyadoo la isticmaalayo emulsifiers polymer si dadban ama si toos ah
Si looga hortago hoos u dhigista farsamada ee emulsifiers-ka culeyska kellika sare ee culeyska molecular, homogenizers-sare waa in loo isticmaalo taxaddar maadaama tani ay yarayn karto xasilloonida emulsion. Caadi ahaan, celceliska dhexroorka dhibcaha dhibcaha ee ka kooban yahay 20-50 μm. Laakiin tani saameyn xun kuma yeelaneyso xasilloonida jirka.
Haddii nidaamyada si fiican loo kala firdhiyey (1-5 microns) loo doorto ujeeddooyin qurxoon, waxaa lagu talinayaa in lagu daro isku-dheellitirka amphiphilic, tusaale ahaan sorbitan monooleate. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, qaaciidooyinka noocaan ah marnaba laguma magacaabi karo "emulsifier-free."
In kasta oo qaabaynta B (eeg xagga hoose ee Shaxda 1) sidoo kalena uu yahay nooc kala firdhisan hydrolipid, waxa ay kaliya u isticmaashaa hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) sida emulsifier-ga polymer.
Waxyaabaha loo isticmaalo HPMC sida emulsifier polymer-ka ayaa ka falcelin yar marka loo eego electrolytes marka la barbar dhigo kala firdhisyada biyaha dufanka leh ee isticmaala emulsifier polymer carbomer 1342. Sidaa darteed, emulsyada saliidda / biyaha kaas oo xalka salineed ee wajiga dibadda loo isticmaalo oo uu ahaado mid deggan inta lagu jiro kaydinta.
Cadaadiska farsamada marka maqaarka la marsado awgeed, kareemka ayaa laga yaabaa in qayb ahaan la burburiyo oo uu sameeyo filim saliid ah oo khafiif ah maqaarka, kaas oo yareynaya fuuqbaxa maqaarka. Ka dib marka biyuhu uumi baxo, qayb ka mid ah kareemka ayaa ku sii jiraya maqaarka, samaynta filim dabacsan kaas oo dhibcaha saliidda lagu dhejiyo matrix polymer ah.
Emulsions-ka HPMC-da xasiloon waxaa lagu diyaariyaa iyadoo la isticmaalayo isku-xidhka rotor-stator sida Ultra Turrax®. Homogenizer-ku wuxuu soo saaraa dhibco yaryar oo cabbirkoodu yahay 2-5 µm. Tamarta tamarta sare ee ultrasonic ama homogenization cadaadis sare waxaa loo isticmaali karaa si loo soo saaro nanoemulsions leh dhexroor celceliska 100-500 nm.
Nanoemulsions ee ay dejisay HPMC waxa laga samayn karaa qabow laga soo bilaabo wajiga dufanka dareeraha ah. Si loo helo emulsion-ka hore ee cayriin, wajiga saliidda dareeraha ah iyo xalalka polymer aqueous ayaa lagu daray heerkulka qolka. Pre-emulsion-ka waxaa la dhex maraa isku-darka cadaadiska sare ee 20-90 MPa dhowr jeer si loo helo nanoemulsion kama dambaysta ah.
Inkasta oo ay farsamo ahaan suurtogal tahay in la kordhiyo cadaadiska ka baxsan xadka ugu fiican iyada oo aan wax dhibaato ah la kulmin, tani waxay badanaa keentaa cabbirrada dhibcaha waaweyn oo aan la gaarin fidinta sare ee la rabo. Dhacdadan waxa loo yaqaan hab-samaynta xad-dhaafka ah waana sifo caan ah oo ku jirta emulsions-polymer-dejinta.
Muuqaal kale oo gaar ah oo emulsions ay dejisay HPMC ayaa ah in lagu jeermiyo autoclave iyada oo aan tayadoodu hoos u dhicin. Tani waa sababta oo ah waxay muujinayaan kala-guurka sol-gel ku-beddelka heerkulbeegga. Heerkulka ka sarreeya 60 °C, wejiga dibadda ayaa dhumuc weyn ka dhigaya dhaqdhaqaaqa dhibcaha saliidda ee kala firdhiyey.
Dhibcuhu iskuma dhici karaan heerka isku darkana waa mid aan la dayacin karin. Sidaa darteed, soo-saareyaashu waxay abuuri karaan emulsions saliid-ku-jira oo aan lahayn wax-ilaaliyeyaal haddii baakadaha u adkaysta dib-u-kicinta la isticmaalo.
Sida hore loo soo sheegay, emulsions sidoo kale waxaa lagu xasilin karaa oo keliya iyada oo loo marayo saamaynta wanaajinta viscosity ee lagu daro polymers sida karbomeriyeyaasha (polyacrylic acid). Hababkaan waxaa loo yaqaan "quasi" emulsions sababtoo ah saameynta xasilinta polymer-ka kuma lug laha dhaqdhaqaaqa wajiga dhexdooda. Alaabooyinka ganacsi ee ku habboon, oo badanaa loo yaqaan "balms", badanaa waxay ka kooban yihiin xaddi yar oo dufan ah oo ku kala firdhiyey hydrogel.
Kala firdhinta wanaagsan ee lipids waxay hubisaa xasilloonida jireed iyo nolol shelf oo ku filan. Cabbiraaddan iyo walbahaarka wax-soo-saarka ee marxaladda dibadda waxay yareeyaan qulqulka qulqulka, si wax ku ool ah loo xakameeyo emulsification iyo isku-dhafka dhibcaha saliidda.
Waxaan kala hadalnay Professor Hongxia Wang oo ka socda Jaamacadda Teknolojiyadda Queensland mashruuc cusub oo rajaynaya in la isticmaalo graphene iyo agabka kaarboonka ee jaban si loo soo saaro unugyo cadceedda perovskite oo qiimihiisu jaban yahay oo ganacsi ahaan shaqayn kara.
Wareysigan, AzoNano wuxuu la hadlayaa macalimiin Moti Segev iyo Vladimir Shalaev, kuwaas oo sameeyay daahfuryo cajiib ah oo ku saabsan kirismaska waqtiga photonic kuwaas oo caqabad ku ah cilmi-baarista iyo aragtiyaha jira.
Wareysigan, waxaan kaga hadlaynaa hab cusub oo loo wanaajiyey Raman spectroscopy kaas oo isticmaala nanopockets si uu u dajiyo molecules bartilmaameedka, taas oo awood u siinaysa ogaanshaha xasaasiga ah ee hababka kiimikada.
Kaamirooyinka sawir-qaadista ee ClearView waxay balaadhiyaan awoodaha gudbinta elektarooniga ah ee microscopy (TEM).
Sawir-qaadis heersare ah oo isku-meeleyn ah iyo goobta nanoindentation iyadoo la adeegsanayo Bruker Hysitron PI 89 Auto SEM.
Baro wax ku saabsan Phe-nx's NANOS, oo ah fadhi gorfaynta SEM oo qabata falanqaynta aasaasiga ah ee degdega ah oo ay fududahay in la rakibo lana isticmaalo.
Waqtiga boostada: Nov-23-2023